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EC-COUNCIL Certified Encryption Specialist Sample Questions (Q107-Q112):

NEW QUESTION # 107
An authentication method that periodically re-authenticates the client by establishing a hash that is then resent from the client is called ______.

• A. CHAP
• B. PAP
• C. EAP
• D. SPAP

Answer: A

Explanation:
CHAP
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-Handshake_Authentication_Protocol Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) is an identity verification protocol that does not rely on sending a shared secret between the access-requesting party and the identity-verifying party (the authenticator). CHAP is based on a shared secret, but in order to authenticate, the authenticator sends a "challenge" message to the access-requesting party, which responds with a value calculated using a "one-way hash" function that takes as inputs the challenge and the shared secret. The authenticator checks the response against its own calculation of the expected hash value. If the values match, the authentication succeeds, otherwise it fails. Following the establishment of an authenticated connection, the authenticator may send a challenge to the access-requesting party at random intervals, to which the access-requesting party will have to produce the correct response.
Incorrect answers:
EAP - A framework that allows for creation of different ways to provide authentication, such as smart cards SPAP - Shiva Password Authentication Protocol, PAP with encryption for the usernames/passwords that are transmitted.
PAP - Password Authentication Protocol. Used to authenticate users, but is no longer used because the information was sent in cleartext.

NEW QUESTION # 108
Which one of the following are characteristics of a hash function? (Choose two)

• A. Fixed length output
• B. One-way
• C. Requires a key
• D. Fast
• E. Symmetric

Answer: A,B

Explanation:
Correct answers: One-way, Fixed length output
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function
A cryptographic hash function is a mathematical algorithm that maps data of arbitrary size (often called the "message") to a bit array of a fixed size (the "hash value", "hash", or "message digest"). It is a one-way function, that is, a function which is practically infeasible to invert.
Incorrect answers:
Symmetric. Cryptographic algorithms can be categorized into three classes: Hash functions, Symmetric and Asymmetric algorithms. Differences: purpose and main fields of application.
Requires a key. Well, technically, this is the correct answer. But in the hash-function, "key" is input data.
Fast. Fast or slow is a subjective characteristic, there are many different algorithms, and here it is impossible to say this unambiguously like "Symmetric encryption is generally faster than asymmetric encryption."

NEW QUESTION # 109
____________cryptography uses one key to encrypt a message and a different key to decrypt it.

• A. Stream
• B. Asymmetric
• C. Secure
• D. Symmetric

Answer: B

Explanation:
Asymmetric
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is a cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys: public keys, which may be disseminated widely, and private keys, which are known only to the owner. The generation of such keys depends on cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems to produce one-way functions. Effective security only requires keeping the private key private; the public key can be openly distributed without compromising security.

NEW QUESTION # 110
A ______ refers to a situation where two different inputs yield the same output.

• A. Transposition
• B. Convergence
• C. Collision
• D. Substitution

Answer: C

Explanation:
Collision
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_(computer_science)
A collision or clash is a situation that occurs when two distinct pieces of data have the same hash value, checksum, fingerprint, or cryptographic digest.

NEW QUESTION # 111
The concept that if one bit of data changes, the cipher text will all completely change as well.

• A. Confusion
• B. Collision
• C. Avalanche
• D. Substitution

Answer: C

Explanation:
Avalanche
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_effect
In cryptography, the avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext. The actual term was first used by Horst Feistel, although the concept dates back to at least Shannon's diffusion.
Incorrect answers:
Confusion - Confusion means that each binary digit (bit) of the ciphertext should depend on several parts of the key, obscuring the connections between the two.
The property of confusion hides the relationship between the ciphertext and the key.
This property makes it difficult to find the key from the ciphertext and if a single bit in a key is changed, the calculation of the values of most or all of the bits in the ciphertext will be affected.
Confusion increases the ambiguity of ciphertext and it is used by both block and stream ciphers.
Substitution - method of encrypting by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, according to a fixed system; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by performing the inverse substitution.
Collision - occurs when a hash function generates the same output for different inputs.

NEW QUESTION # 112
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